Chapter 4—Observations: Cryosphere[]
This chapter is part of the Fifth Assessment Report of Working Group I. Original text
CLA (Coordinating Lead Authors)[]
- David G. Vaughan (UK)
- Josefino C. Comiso (USA)
LA (Lead Authors)[]
- Ian Allison (Australia)
- Jorge Carrasco (Chile)
- Georg Kaser (Austria/Italy)
- Ronald Kwok (USA)
- Philip Mote (USA)
- Tavi Murray (UK)
- Frank Paul (Switzerland/Germany)
- Jiawen Ren (China)
- Eric Rignot (USA)
- Olga Solomina (Russian Federation)
- Konrad Steffen (USA/Switzerland)
- Tingjun Zhang (USA/China)
Contributing Authors (Click "Expand" to see list)[]
- Anthony A. Arendt (USA)
- David B. Bahr (USA)
- Michiel van den Broeke (Netherlands)
- Ross Brown (Canada)
- J. Graham Cogley (Canada)
- Alex S. Gardner (USA)
- Sebastian Gerland (Norway)
- Stephan Gruber (Switzerland)
- Christian Haas (Canada)
- Jon Ove Hagen (Norway)
- Regine Hock (USA)
- David Holland (USA)
- Matthias Huss (Switzerland)
- Thorsten Markus (USA)
- Ben Marzeion (Austria)
- Rob Massom (Australia)
- Geir Moholdt (USA)
- Pier Paul Overduin (Germany)
- Antony Payne (UK)
- W. Tad Pfeffer (USA)
- Terry Prowse (Canada)
- Valentina Radić (Canada)
- David Robinson (USA)
- Martin Sharp (Canada)
- Nikolay Shiklomanov (USA)
- Sharon Smith (Canada)
- Sharon Stammerjohn (USA)
- Isabella Velicogna (USA)
- Peter Wadhams (UK)
- Anthony Worby (Australia)
- Lin Zhao (China)
154 Executive Summary[]
154.1 Introduction[]
154.2 Sea Ice[]
- 154.2.1 Background
- 154.2.2 Arctic Sea Ice
- 154.2.3 Antarctic Sea Ice
154.3 Glaciers[]
- 154.3.1 Current Area and Volume of Glaciers
- 154.3.2 Methods to Measure Changes in Glacier Length, Area and Volume/Mass
- 154.3.3 Observed Changes in Glacier Length, Area and Mass
154.4 Ice Sheets[]
- 154.4.1 Background
- 154.4.2 Changes in Mass of Ice Sheets
- 154.4.3 Total Ice Loss from Both Ice Sheets
- 154.4.4 Causes of Changes in Ice Sheets
- 154.4.5 Rapid Ice Sheet Changes
154.5 Seasonal Snow[]
- 154.5.1 Background
- 154.5.2 Hemispheric View
- 154.5.3 Trends from In Situ Measurements
- 154.5.4 Changes in Snow Albedo
- 154 Box 4.1: Interactions of Snow within the Cryosphere
154.6 Lake and River Ice[]
154.7 Frozen Ground[]
- 154.7.1 Background
- 154.7.2 Changes in Permafrost
- 154.7.3 Subsea Permafrost
- 154.7.4 Changes in Seasonally Frozen Ground
154.8 Synthesis[]
154 References[]
- 154 Appendix 4.A: Details of Available and Selected Ice Sheet Mass Balance Estimates from 1992 to 2012
- 154 Frequently Asked Questions
- 154 FAQ 4.1 How Is Sea Ice Changing in the Arctic and Antarctic?
- 154 FAQ 4.2 Are Glaciers in Mountain Regions Disappearing?
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