Observations: Atmosphere and surface[]
This chapter is part of the Fifth Assessment Report of Working Group I.
Original text[]
CLA (Coordinating Lead Authors)[]
- Dennis Hartman
- Albert Klein Tank
- Matilde Rusticucci
LA (Lead Authors)[]
- Lisa Alexander
- Stefan Brönnimann
- Yassine Abdul-Rahman Charabi
- Frank Dentener
- Edward Dlugokencky
- David Easterling
- Alexey Kaplan
- Brian Soden
- Peter Thorne
- Martin Wild
- Panmao Zhai
Contributing Authors (Click "Expand" to see list)[]
- Robert Adler (USA)
- Richard Allan (UK)
- Robert Allan (UK)
- Donald Blake (USA)
- Owen Cooper (USA)
- Aiguo Dai (USA)
- Robert Davis (USA)
- Sean Davis (USA)
- Markus Donat (Australia)
- Vitali Fioletov (Canada)
- Erich Fischer (Switzerland)
- Leopold Haimberger (Austria)
- Ben Ho (USA)
- John Kennedy (UK)
- Elizabeth Kent (UK)
- Stefan Kinne (Germany)
- James Kossin (USA)
- Norman Loeb (USA)
- Carl Mears (USA)
- Christopher Merchant (UK)
- Steve Montzka (USA)
- Colin Morice (UK)
- Cathrine Lund Myhre (Norway)
- Joel Norris (USA)
- David Parker (UK)
- Bill Randel (USA)
- Andreas Richter (Germany)
- Matthew Rigby (UK)
- Ben Santer (USA)
- Dian Seidel (USA)
- Tom Smith (USA)
- David Stephenson (UK)
- Ryan Teuling (Netherlands)
- Junhong Wang (USA)
- Xiaolan Wang (Canada)
- Ray Weiss (USA)
- Kate Willett (UK)
- Simon Wood (UK)
Review Editors[]
- Jim Hurrell (USA)
- Jose Marengo (Brazil)
- Fredolin Tangang (Malaysia)
- Pedro Viterbo (Portugal)
Contents[]
152 Executive summary[]
152.1 Introduction[]
152.2 Changes in Atmospheric Composition[]
- 152.2.1 Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gases
- 152.2.1.1 Kyoto Protocol Gases (Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride)
- 152.2.1.2 Ozone-Depleting Substances (Chlorofluorocarbons, Chlorinated Solvents, and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
- 152.2.2 Near-Term Climate Forcers
- 152.2.3 Aerosols
152.3 Changes in Radiation Budgets[]
- 152.3.1 Global Mean Radiation Budget
- 152.3.2 Changes in Top of the Atmosphere Radiation Budget
- 152.3.3 Changes in Surface Radiation Budget
152.4 Changes in Temperature[]
- 152.4.1 Land Surface Air Temperature
- 152.4.2 Sea Surface Temperature and Marine Air Temperature
- 152.4.3 Global Combined Land and Sea Surface Temperature
- 152.4.4 Upper Air Temperature
152.5 Changes in Hydrological Cycle[]
- 152.5.1 Large-Scale Changes in Precipitation
- 152.5.2 Streamflow and Runoff
- 152.5.3 Evapotranspiration Including Pan Evaporation
- 152.5.4 Surface Humidity
- 152.5.5 Tropospheric Humidity
- 152.5.6 Clouds
152.6 Changes in Extreme Events[]
- 152.6.1 Temperature Extremes
- 152.6.2 Extremes of the Hydrological Cycle
- 152.6.3 Tropical Storms
- 152.6.4 Extratropical Storms
152.7 Changes in Atmospheric Circulation and Patterns of Variability[]
- 152.7.1 Sea Level Pressure
- 152.7.2 Surface Wind Speed
- 152.7.3 Upper-Air Winds
- 152.7.4 Tropospheric Geopotential Height and Tropopause
- 152.7.5 Tropical Circulation
- 152.7.6 Jets, Storm Tracks and Weather Types
- 152.7.7 Stratospheric Circulation
- 152.7.8 Changes in Indices of Climate Variability
Box 152.1: Uncertainty in Observational Records
Box 152.2: Quantifying Changes in the Mean: Trend Models and Estimation
Box 152.3: Global Atmospheric Reanalyses
Box 152.5: Patterns and Indices of Climate Variability
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQ 152.1 How Do We Know the World Has Warmed?
FAQ 152.2 Have There Been Any Changes in Climate Extremes?
152 References[]
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